The potential of nature-based flood defences to leverage public investment in coastal adaptation: Cases from the Netherlands, Indonesia and Georgia

This paper studies the financial barriers of making nature-based flood defences (NBFD) a common practice and discusses the following questions: - Through which mechanisms can public investments in NBFD projects be leveraged? - What are the enabling conditions for these mechanisms? The paper demonstrates how the co-benefits provided by NBFD create opportunities to leverage public investment in coastal protection. Furthermore, in concludes that NBFD co-benefits create opportunities to capture private revenues through direct or indirect taxes, and by attracting cash or in-kind co-investment from mandate – or profit oriented private actors.